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allport_chapter_7__1___2_.pptx
cattell_chapter_8__1___2_.pptx
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Gordon Allport: Motivation and
Personality
Allport’s Life
Career of over 40 years
Born in 1897
Montezuma, Indiana
First American born theorist we are studying
Youngest of four sons
Mother a teacher/father a salesman turned doctor
Very religious
Strict mother and household rules
Allport’s life
Not as masculine as brothers
Did not really have friends
Isolated life
Allport believed healthy adults are unaffected by childhood events
Exceled due to feelings of inferiority
Ph.D. is psychology from Harvard
Second in high school class
Graduated in 1915 and went to Istanbul, Turkey
Upon return he met Freud
Allport’s early career
Met Freud in Vienna
Freud immediately assessed Allport as having a compulsive
personality
Street car example
Allport viewed the encounter in later years as traumatic
Wrote the book Personality: A Psychological Interpretation in 1937
Brought personality into the mainstream
Differed from Freud
Allport believe the unconscious was not as Freud described it
He believed emotionally healthy people function rationally and
consciously
He believed emotionally healthy people have control over their
personality
He believed the unconscious was only important in the behavior of
“neurotic or disturbed individuals”
We are not prisoners of childhood issues
Guided more by present and view of the future
Allport’s Contributions
He opposed collecting data from abnormal personalities and said
instead the field should be studying normal/healthy personality to
determine theory.
Uniqueness of Person—very aligned with social work values and
ethics
Saw each person as unique and not universal/specific
Believed inferiority are feelings of isolation and rejection and all
people deal with these to some degree
Nature of Personality
Dynamic
Organized
Constantly changing and growing
Almost two personalities—one for child; one for adult
Psychosocial to him was personality composed of both mind and
body together as one unit
All facets of personality activate and direct specific behaviors and
thoughts
Believed people were rational in the decisions they made about
behaviors (rather than just impulses or uncontrolled desires)
Personality Traits
Traits are distinguishing characteristics that guide behavior;
measured on a continuum and subject to social, environmental and
cultural influences
1. Real and exist within each of us
2. Determine or cause behavior
3. Can be demonstrated
4. Interrelated—may overlap—aggressiveness and hostility
5. Vary with the situation—can be neat and orderly in one area but
based on situation disorderly in another
Traits
Individual—unique
Common—shared by many
Personal dispositions (changed to this)—peculiar to an individual
Cardinal trait—pervasive and influential
Central traits—everyone has 5-10 themes that best describe
behavior
Secondary traits—least influential traits—may display inconsistently
Motivation
Past does not explain current behavior
Plans an intentions play a vital role
Differed from Freud in this way also
We strive for what we want and that is key to understanding our
behavior
Functional autonomy of motives—independent of childhood events
2 levels of functional autonomy—Perservative and Propriate
Functional Autonomy
Idea that motivations in the normal, mature adult are independent
of the childhood experience.
Tree example
Preservative functional autonomy—relates to low level and routine
behaviors
Propriate functional autonomy—(proprium is allport’s term for the
psyche or ego)
Relates to all of our values; self-image and lifestyle
Propriate Functional Autonomy
Relates to our values, self-image and lifestyle
We retain motives that enhance our self esteem or self image
Direct relationship between our interests and abilities
Organizing the energy level
Mastery and competence
Propriate patterning
Proprium—his term for the ego or self
Organizing functioning
Organizing & energy level
Explains how we acquire new motives
Motives arise from necessity
Mastery and competence
Refers to level at which we choose to satisfy motives
Master new skills
Propriate Patterning
Striving for consistency and integration of personality
Stages of development
In Childhood
Unique Self
Infants have no awareness of self
Then Proprium emerges
3 stages of proprium development
1. Bodily Self (ages birth to 4) develops when infants begin to be aware
of own fingers/grasping/own body.
2. Self Identity (birth to 4) children learn their own name and see selves
as distinct from others
3. Self-esteem (birth to 4 years) can accomplish things on their own;
become motivated to build, explore, manipulate objects
Stages of Development
In Childhood
Extension of Self (age 4-6 years) people are part of a larger world
Self-image—ages 4-6 years) how children see and would like to see
themselves
Self as a rational coper (ages 6-12 years) reason and logic can be
applied to solving every day problems
Propriate Striving (12-18 years) begins to formulate long range plans
and goals for self
Adulthood (rest of life) autonomy; free of child hood motivations
Allport
Placed great importance on the infant and mother bond
Healthy Adult Personality
This grows and changes from infancy
6 criteria for adult personalities
1. Extended Sense of Self—people and activities beyond the self
2. Mature adults relate warmly to other people exhibiting intimacy
3. High degree of self-acceptance helps to achieve emotional
security
4. Realistic perception of life—develop personal skills make a
commitment to some type of work
5. Sense of humor and self objectification
6. Unifying philosophy of life-directs toward future goals
Assessment
Used many techniques due to the complexity of personality
Personal-document technique—the study of a person’s written or
spoken records
Jenny
Study of Values
Allport developed a test called the study of values
Personal values are the basis of our unifying philosophy of life
1. Theoretical values-concerned with the discovery of truth
2. Economic values—concerned with the useful and practical
3. Aesthetic values—form harmony/grace
4. Social values—human relationships, activism, and philanthropy
5. Political values—power, influence, and prestige
6. Religious values—deal with the mystical
Research on Allport
Did not believe in only experimental or correlational methods
Expressive behavior—spontaneous behavior
Coping Behavior—consciously planned behavior
Effects of Gender and age—women and children better at reading
facial expressions than males
Cultural differences in facial expressions
Criticisms
Can his theory be tested?
Functional autonomy—how is an original motive transformed into an
autonomous one
Not generalizable—too focused on uniqueness of person
Contributions
Influential
Impacted Maslow and Rogers
Readable theory
Cattell: 16 Factor Theory
Cattell’s theory
His theory goal was to predict how a person will behave in response
to a given stimulus
He was not interested in taking abnormal behavior and moving to
normal behavior
Studied normal people
Rigorously scientific
Utilized 50 types of measures and searched for correlations
Cattell’s Life
Born in 1905 in England
Married a mathematician
Worked at University of Illinois
In his 70’s he went to the University of Hawaii
Noted to be very hard working
Died in Honolulu in 1998
Cattell’s Theory
He has success in the United states
Defined traits as relatively permanent reaction tendencies that are
basic structural units of personality
Common traits: possessed in some degree by all persons
Unique traits: possessed by one or a few persons
Ability traits: describe our skills and how efficiently we will be able to
work toward our goals
Temperament traits: describe our general behavioral style in
responding to our environment
Cattell’s theory
Dynamic traits: driving forces of behavior
Surface traits: show a correlation but do not constitute a factor
because they are not determined by a single source
Source traits: personality characteristics that are much more stable
and permanent
Constitutional traits: source traits that depend on our physiological
characteristics
Environmental mold traits: learned from social and environmental
interactions
Ergs and Sentiments
Ergs—permanent constitutional source traits that provide energy for
goal-directed behavior. The basic innate units of motivation
Sentiments—source traits that mold behavior
SEMS—Socially Shaped ergic manifolds which may be reason for us
to continue to call them sentiments
Source Traits: Basic Factors of
Personality
16 Traits
See table 8.2 in text
Developed the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire
Basic elements like atoms are the basic units of the physical world
Dynamic Traits: Motivating Forces
Concerned with motivation
Believed if a theory did not take motivating into account then the
theory was incomplete
Believed in influences of Heredity and environment
Stages of Development
Infancy—birth to 6 years-formative; influenced by parents/siblings
Weaning/toilet training
Security and insecurity
Childhood–age 6-14
few issues and beginning to move toward independence
Adolescence—age 14-23
troublesome and stressful
Stages of Development
Maturity—age 23-50
Productive; career; family creation;
Personality becomes less flexible
Late Maturity—age 50-65
Physical, social and psychological changes
Health vigor and attractiveness may decline
Old age—age 65 to death
Loss of friends, spouses
Loss of Career
Critiques
Some subjectivity
Impacted the notion of a genetic influence
The 16 PF test can’t be translated—so lack of cultural
competence/relevancy
Contributions
Research tied to certain traits and things like marital stability and
predicting success on the job
Variability in responses predicts different things
Numerous written items
Eysenck
Born in 1916 in Berlin; immigrated to Germany in 1934
Immigrated due to Hitler’s rule
Prolific record
Wrote many books and astonishing 1097 journal articles
Behavioral Genetics
Study of relationship between genetic/hereditary factors and
personality traits
Dimensions of Personality
Critic of factor analysis
Created the Eysenck Personality Inventory
Three dimensions
E—extraversion versus introversion
N—neuroticism versus emotional stability
P—psychoticism versus impulse control (superego functioning)
See table 8.4 (p 227) in text
Extraversion
Oriented to outside world
More pleasant emotions and happier with the world
Certain careers perform better
Introverts shy away from excitement
Extraverts have lower levels of cortical arousal thus they seek
excitement
Neuroticism
Characterized as anxious, depressed, tense, irrational and moody
Largely inherited—genetics
Increased satisfaction with work and social relationships lead to lower
levels of neuroticism and higher extraversion
Higher scored lower in verbal abilities
Psychoticism
High are aggressive, antisocial, tough-minded, cold and egocentric
Insensitive to the needs of others
Can be highly creative
Tends to be more male
Society needs a variety of all three of these personality dimensions
Role of Heredity
Eysenck believed primarily determined by heredity
Also believed environmental and situational influenced personality
Research on twins
Cross cultural support
McCrae and Costa
5 Factor Model
Used factor analysis but varied the number
Just measured traits differently
Believed Eysenck had too few and Cattell had too many
Both still alive
McCrae born in 1949; Costa born in 1942
Developed using a variety of assessment tools
5 Factor
Study of twins noted four of the five factors have a higher heredity
component
Neuroticism; Extraversion; Openness; conscientiousness
Agreeableness was found to have a stronger environmental
component
Cross cultural implications
Gender Differences
Women report higher levels of neuroticism, extraversion,
agreeableness and conscientiousness than men
People tend to view selves as more neurotic and more open to
experiences
Tend to see others as higher in conscientiousness then they see
selves
Predicting Changes over time
Preschool teachers asked to predict 3-6 year old behaviors
What behaviors do teachers and parents promote? Reinforce?
Emotional correlates
Extraversion has been linked to emotional well being
Neuroticism has been negatively linked to emotional well being
People high in extraversion and low in neuroticism are predisposed
to be emotionally stable
Some studies have shown high extraversion links to ability to cope
with life
Extraversion has also been linked to happiness, optimism and life
satisfaction
Persons high in agreeableness and conscientiousness showed
greater emotional well being than persons low in those traits
Emotional correlates
Distress has been linked to high scores of neuroticisms as well as
prone to depression, anxiety, substance abuse and self blame
Those high on neuroticism and openness had greater risk for suicide
Behavioral Correlates
High in openness tend to have wide range of intellectual interests
and to seek challenges
More likely to change jobs and try different careers
Extraverts are more likely to be active in later years
People high in conscientiousness tend to be reliable, responsible,
punctual, efficient, and dependable and earn better grades
Also more organized, self-disciplined and achievement oriented
Agreeableness, conscientiousness and openness correlated to
academic performance in college
Behavioral Correlates
Some ties to healthier and living longer for high conscientiousness
Wear seat belts and take fewer risks
Low in conscientiousness had tendency to be heavy users of
alcohol and drugs
Extraversion leads to more friends
Michael Ashton and Kibeom Lee
HEXACO—Six Factor Model
Proposed a six factor model of personality in 2007
Two of the factors are similar to the five factor model
Extraversion
Conscientiousness
Ashton and Lee continued
Other factors are
Honesty/humility
Emotionality
Agreeableness
Openness to Experience
HEXACO
60 items HEXACO inventory
Some links to certain traits but not overly proven yet
See table 8.6 (p 239) in text
Paulhus and Williams
Dark Triad of Personality
From University of BC
Includes the following:
Narcissism—extreme selfishness, inflated sense of one’s abilities and
talents and the constant need for admiration
Machiavellianism—need to manipulate others, characterized by
cunning, deceit and unscrupulous behaviors
Psychopathy—callous, insensitive, egocentric, antisocial, takes
advantage of other people using great charm and often violence
Assessing the Dark Triad
Dirty Dozen Scale (see p 240)
Those who score high in all 3 tend to be more antisocial
Strong sense of self-promoting
Short term exploitive sexual relationships
Personality Theory and the internet
Five factor model
Links to traits and can predict some internet use
More facebook friends
Introverted tend to use it more
College students high in conscientiousness, agreeableness and
emotional stability were far less likely to post on facebook about
personal matters
Relationship to Social Work
Person in Environment (see this with Allport)
Takes social and cultural influences into account
Has a very heavy focus on heredity
Does use empirical information
Tests have been found to be valid and reliable
…
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